Residents of the eastern Ukraine regions controlled by Russia-backed separatist rebels have voted for local governments in elections denounced by Kiev and the West.
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The elections on Sunday were to choose heads of government and legislature members in the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, where separatists have fought Ukrainian forces since the spring of 2014 in a war that has killed more than 10,000 people.
Although a 2015 accord on ending the war calls for local elections in Donetsk and Luhansk, critics including Ukraine's president, the US and the European Union say the vote is illegitimate because it is conducted where Ukraine has no control.
But the separatists say the vote is a key step toward establishing full-fledged democracy in the regions.
"It's another exam for the civic position, political position for the whole Donetsk Republic," said Denis Pushilin, who became acting head of the Donetsk separatist regime since predecessor Alexander Zakharchenko was killed in a restaurant bombing in August.
His Luhansk counterpart, Leonid Pasechnik, said on Sunday that "we are a free republic, a free country" and denied that the voting was being held contrary to the 2015 agreement signed in Minsk.
The leaders of Germany and France, which helped negotiate that accord, dismissed "the illegal and illegitimate elections ... held today despite numerous appeals by the international community".
"These are elections for entities that have no legitimacy under the Ukrainian constitution," Kurt Volker, the US special envoy for Ukraine, said last week.
"The people in eastern Ukraine will be better off within a unified Ukraine at peace rather than in a second-rate police state run by crooks and thugs, all subsidized by Russian taxpayers," he said Sunday on Twitter.
Both regions reported voter turnout of more than 70 per cent as of two hours before the polls closed.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Emmanuel Macron said in a statement that holding "so-called" elections undermines Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, and urged all sides to respect the ceasefire and release political prisoners.
Andrei Yermolaev, an analyst at the New Ukraine think-tank in Kiev, said "conducting the elections despite the opinions of Kiev and the West means that the Kremlin completely controls the situation in the region and intends to use this 'frozen conflict' as a lever of pressure on the Ukrainian authorities".
Australian Associated Press
